比特派钱包下载app苹果版|gossip

作者：比特派钱包下载app苹果版

2024-03-12 16:41:32

GOSSIP中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

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英语-中文（简体）

gossip 在英语-中文（简体）词典中的翻译

gossipnoun uk

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/ˈɡɒs.ɪp/ us

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/ˈɡɑː.səp/

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B2 [ S or U ] conversation or reports about other people's private lives that might be unkind, disapproving, or not true

（有关别人隐私的）流言蜚语，闲言碎语，闲聊

Her letter was full of gossip.

她信里讲的都是些闲言碎语。

I don't like all this idle gossip.

我讨厌这些无聊的流言蜚语。

I've got some juicy gossip for you.

我有些特别有趣的小道消息告诉你。

Have you heard the (latest) gossip?

你听到（最近流传的）那些闲言碎语了吗？

UK Jane and Lyn sat in the kitchen having a good gossip about their friends.

简和琳恩坐在厨房里大聊特聊自己的那帮朋友。

[ C ] disapproving (also gossipmonger) someone who enjoys talking about other people and their private lives

爱说长道短的人;喜欢散布流言蜚语的人

She's a terrible gossip.

她是个很要命的长舌妇。

更多范例减少例句I've just been talking to the girls downstairs and I've got some delicious gossip.Some magazines contain nothing but scandal and gossip.She always keeps me up to date with the latest gossip.There's a lot of gossip about me going around. What have you been saying?Let's go for a coffee - I need to catch up on all the gossip.

gossipverb [ I ] uk

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/ˈɡɒs.ɪp/ us

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/ˈɡɑː.səp/

B2 to talk about other people's private lives

（对别人的隐私）说长道短，传播流言蜚语

Stop gossiping and do your work.

别再闲扯了，继续干点活去。

People have started to gossip about us.

人们已经开始说我们的闲话了。

更多范例减少例句She's been gossiping and hasn't done a stroke of work all morning.Janet spends hours gossiping on the phone.I wouldn't tell her your secrets - you know how she likes to gossip.It's not only the women around here who like to gossip, you know!The old folk sit gossiping in the village square for most of the morning.

(gossip在剑桥英语-中文（简体）词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)

B2,B2

gossip的翻译

中文（繁体）

（有關別人隱私的）流言蜚語，閒言閒語，閒聊, 愛說三道四的人, 喜歡散佈流言蜚語的人…

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(प्रायः अफवाह फैलाने वाली) गपशप, दूसरे लोगों की निजी ज़िंदगी के बारे में बात करना, गपशप करना…

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(સામાન્ય રીતે અફવા ફેલાવવી) વાતો કરવી, અન્ય લોકોના અંગત જીવન વિશે, ગપ્પાષ્ટક લખવું…

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sladder, snak, sladderkælling…

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skvaller, pratstund, småpratande…

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gosip, sembang, kaki umpat…

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der Klatsch, die Plauderei, die Klatschbase…

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sladre, sladder [masculine], sladder…

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فالتو کی گپ شپ, افواہ, جھوٹی سچی باتیں…

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плітки, чутки, балачки…

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сплетня, сплетник, сплетница…

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పనిలేని ముచ్చట/ ఇతరుల వ్యక్తిగత జీవితాల గురించిన సంభాషణ లేదా నివేదికలు, అవి దయలేనివి, ఆమోదించనివి కావచ్చు లేదా అవి నిజం కాకపోవచ్చు…

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chuyện tầm phào, tán gẫu, người thích chuyện tầm phào…

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plotki, plotka-rz/rka, plotkować…

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수다, 수다떨다…

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pettegolezzo, spettegolare, fare pettegolezzi…

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在英语词典中查看 gossip 的释义

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goshawk

gosling

gospel

gossamer

gossip

gossip column

gossipy

got

got it in one! idiom

gossip更多的中文(简体)翻译

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gossip column

the fount of all knowledge, gossip, wisdom, etc.

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“每日一词”

response

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/rɪˈspɒns/

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/rɪˈspɑːns/

an answer or reaction

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gossip是什么意思_gossip的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典

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分布式一致性协议 Gossip 和 Redis 集群原理解析 - 知乎

分布式一致性协议 Gossip 和 Redis 集群原理解析 - 知乎首发于极客技术切换模式写文章登录/注册分布式一致性协议 Gossip 和 Redis 集群原理解析记得要让着本宝宝FinvGroup 资深开发工程师Redis 是一个开源的、高性能的 Key-Value 数据库。基于 Redis 的分布式缓存已经有很多成功的商业应用，其中就包括阿里 ApsaraDB，阿里 Tair 中的 RDB 引擎，美团 MOS 以及腾讯云 CRS。本文我将着重介绍 Redis Cluster 原理、类 Codis 分布式方案以及分布式信息一致性协议 Gossip，以帮助大家深入理解 Redis。1. Redis 单机模式顾名思义，单机模式指 Redis 主节点以单个节点的形式存在，这个主节点可读可写，上面存储数据全集。在3.0版本之前，Redis 只能支持单机模式，出于可靠性考量，通常单机模式为“1主 N 备”的结构，如下所示：需要说明的是，即便有很多个 Redis 主节点，只要这些主节点以单机模式存在，本质上仍为单机模式。单机模式比较简单，足以支撑一般应用场景，但单机模式具有固有的局限性：不支持自动故障转移，扩容能力极为有限（只能 Scale Up，垂直扩容），存在高并发瓶颈。1.1 不支持自动故障转移Redis 单机模式下，即便是“1主 N 备”结构，当主节点故障时，备节点也无法自动升主，即无法自动故障转移（Failover）。故障转移需要“哨兵”Sentinel 辅助，Sentinel 是 Redis 高可用的解决方案，由一个或者多个 Sentinel 实例组成的系统可以监视 Redis 主节点及其从节点，当检测到 Redis 主节点下线时，会根据特定的选举规则从该主节点对应的所有从节点中选举出一个“最优”的从节点升主，然后由升主的新主节点处理请求。具有 Sentinel 系统的单机模式示意图如下：1.2 扩容能力极为有限这一点应该很好理解，单机模式下，只有主节点能够写入数据，那么，最大数据容量就取决于主节点所在物理机的内存容量，而物理机的内存扩容（Scale Up）能力目前仍是极为有限的。1.3 高并发瓶颈Redis 使用单线程的 IO 复用模型，对于单纯的 IO 操作来说，单线程可以将速度优势发挥到最大，但 Redis 也提供了一些简单的计算功能，比如排序、聚合等，对于这些操作，单线程模型实际会严重影响整体吞吐量，CPU 计算过程中，整个 IO 调度都会被阻塞住。因此，单机模式下并发支持能力很容易陷入瓶颈。2. Redis Cluster单实例 Redis 虽然简单，但瓶颈明显。一是容量问题，在一些应用场景下，数据规模可达数十 G，甚至数百 G，而物理机的资源却是有限的，内存无法无限扩充；二是并发性能问题，Redis 号称单实例10万并发，但也仅仅是10万并发。鉴于单机模式的局限性，历时三年，Redis Cluster 应运而生。2.1 Redis Cluster 特点自3.0版本起，Redis 官方推出了一个原生的分布式方案—— Redis Cluster。它是一个分布式、容错的 Redis 实现。Redis Cluster中不存在中心节点或者代理节点，集群主要设计目标之一是实现线性可扩展性。Redis Cluster 具有以下特点：节点互通：所有的 Redis 节点彼此互联（PING-PONG机制），内部使用二进制协议优化传输速度和带宽；去中心化：Redis Cluster 不存在中心节点，每个节点都记录有集群的状态信息，并且通过 Gossip 协议，使每个节点记录的信息实现最终一致性；客户端直连：客户端与 Redis 节点直连，不需要中间 Proxy 层，客户端不需要连接集群所有节点，连接集群中任何一个可用节点即可；数据分片：Redis Cluster 的键空间被分割为 16384 个 Slot，这些 Slot 被分别指派给主节点，当存储 Key-Value 时，根据 CRC16(key) Mod 16384的值，决定将一个 Key-Value 放到哪个 Slot 中；多数派原则：对于集群中的任何一个节点，需要超过半数的节点检测到它失效（pFail），才会将其判定为失效（Fail）；自动 Failover：当集群中某个主节点故障后（Fail），其它主节点会从故障主节点的从节点中选举一个“最佳”从节点升主，替代故障的主节点；功能弱化：集群模式下，由于数据分布在多个节点，不支持单机模式下的集合操作，也不支持多数据库功能，集群只能使用默认的0号数据库；集群规模：官方推荐的最大节点数量为 1000 个左右，这是因为当集群规模过大时，Gossip 协议的效率会显著下降，通信成本剧增。2.2 Redis-Cluster 实现基础：分片Redis 集群实现的基础是分片，即将数据集有机的分割为多个片，并将这些分片指派给多个 Redis 实例，每个实例只保存总数据集的一个子集。利用多台计算机内存和来支持更大的数据库，而避免受限于单机的内存容量；通过多核计算机集群，可有效扩展计算能力；通过多台计算机和网络适配器，允许我们扩展网络带宽。基于“分片”的思想，Redis 提出了 Hash Slot。Redis Cluster 把所有的物理节点映射到预先分好的16384个 Slot 上，当需要在 Redis 集群中放置一个 Key-Value 时，根据 CRC16(key) Mod 16384的值，决定将一个 Key 放到哪个 Slot 中。2.3 Redis Cluster 请求路由方式客户端直连 Redis 服务，进行读写操作时，Key 对应的 Slot 可能并不在当前直连的节点上，经过“重定向”才能转发到正确的节点。如下图所示，我们直接登录 127.0.0.1:6379 客户端，进行 Set 操作，当 Key 对应的 Slot 不在当前节点时（如 key-test)，客户端会报错并返回正确节点的 IP 和端口。Set 成功则返回 OK。以集群模式登录 127.0.0.1:6379 客户端（注意命令的差别：-c 表示集群模式)，则可以清楚的看到“重定向”的信息，并且客户端也发生了切换：“6379” -> “6381”。以三节点为例，上述操作的路由查询流程示意图如下所示：和普通的查询路由相比，Redis Cluster 借助客户端实现的请求路由是一种混合形式的查询路由，它并非从一个 Redis 节点到另外一个 Redis，而是借助客户端转发到正确的节点。实际应用中，可以在客户端缓存 Slot 与 Redis 节点的映射关系，当接收到 MOVED 响应时修改缓存中的映射关系。如此，基于保存的映射关系，请求时会直接发送到正确的节点上，从而减少一次交互，提升效率。目前，包括 Lettuce、Jedis、Redission 在内的许多 Redis Client，都已经实现了对 Redis Cluster 的支持，关于客户端的内容，将在第05课中详细介绍。3. Redis Cluster 节点通信原理：Gossip 算法在第02课中曾介绍，Redis 自3.0版本起，支持 Redis Cluster，真正意义上实现了分布式。在分布式系统中，节点间的通信十分重要，是构建集群的基石。那么 Redis Cluster 中，节点间是如何通信的呢？又是如何保障一致性、可用性的呢？欲知答案，必先了解 Gossip 算法。3.1 Gossip 简介Gossip 算法源自流行病学的研究，经过不断的发展演化，作为一种分布式一致性协议而得到广泛应用，如 Cassandra、Akka、Redis 都有用到。Gossip 背景Gossip 算法如其名，在办公室，只要一个人八卦一下，在有限的时间内所有的人都会知道该八卦的信息，这种方式也与病毒传播类似，因此 Gossip 有众多的别名，如“闲话算法”、“疫情传播算法”、“病毒感染算法”、“谣言传播算法”。但 Gossip 并不是一个新东西，之前的泛洪查找、路由算法都归属于这个范畴，不同的是 Gossip 给这类算法提供了明确的语义、具体实施方法及收敛性证明。Gossip 特点Gossip 算法又被称为反熵（Anti-Entropy），熵是物理学上的一个概念，代表杂乱无章，而反熵就是在杂乱无章中寻求一致，这充分说明了 Gossip 的特点：在一个有界网络中，每个节点都随机地与其它节点通信，经过一番杂乱无章的通信，最终所有节点的状态都会达成一致。每个节点可能知道所有其它节点，也可能仅知道几个邻居节点，只要这些节可以通过网络连通，最终它们的状态都是一致的。要注意到的一点是，即使有的节点因宕机而重启，有新节点加入，但经过一段时间后，这些节点的状态也会与其他节点达成一致，也就是说，Gossip 天然具有分布式容错的优点。Gossip 本质Gossip 是一个带冗余的容错算法，更进一步，Gossip 是一个最终一致性算法。虽然无法保证在某个时刻所有节点状态一致，但可以保证在“最终”所有节点一致，“最终”是一个现实中存在，但理论上无法证明的时间点。因为 Gossip 不要求节点知道所有其它节点，因此又具有去中心化的特点，节点之间完全对等，不需要任何的中心节点。实际上 Gossip 可以用于众多能接受“最终一致性”的领域：失败检测、路由同步、Pub/Sub、动态负载均衡。但 Gossip 的缺点也很明显，冗余通信会对网路带宽、CUP 资源造成很大的负载，而这些负载又受限于通信频率，该频率又影响着算法收敛的速度，下文中，我将结合 Redis 源码详细解释。3.2 Gossip 在 Redis Cluster 中的作用在分布式系统中，需要提供维护节点元数据信息的机制，所谓元数据是指节点负责哪些数据、主从属性、是否出现故障等状态信息。常见的元数据维护方式分为集中式和无中心式。Redis Cluster 采用 Gossip 协议实现了无中心式。Redis Cluster 中使用 Gossip 主要有两大作用：去中心化，以实现分布式和弹性扩展；失败检测，以实现高可用；3.3 节点通信基础Redis Cluster 中的每个 Redis 实例监听两个 TCP 端口，6379（默认）用于服务客户端查询，16379（默认服务端口+10000）用于集群内部通信。集群中节点通信方式如下：每个节点在固定周期内通过特定规则选择几个节点发送 Ping 消息；接收到 Ping 消息的节点用 Pong 消息作为响应。集群中每个节点通过一定规则挑选要通信的节点，每个节点可能知道全部节点，也可能仅知道部分节点，只要这些节点彼此可以正常通信，最终它们会达到一致的状态。当节点故障、新节点加入、主从关系变化、槽信息变更等事件发生时，通过不断的 Ping/Pong 消息通信，经过一段时间后所有的节点都会知道集群全部节点的最新状态，从而达到集群状态同步的目的。3.4 Gossip 消息种类Gossip 协议的主要职责就是信息交换。信息交换的载体就是节点彼此发送的Gossip 消息，常用的 Gossip 消息可分为：Ping 消息、Pong 消息、Meet 消息、Fail 消息。Meet 消息：用于通知新节点加入。消息发送者通知接收者加入到当前集群，Meet 消息通信正常完成后，接收节点会加入到集群中并进行周期性的 Ping、Pong 消息交换；Ping 消息：集群内交换最频繁的消息，集群内每个节点每秒向多个其它节点发送 Ping 消息，用于检测节点是否在线和交换彼此状态信息。Ping 消息发送封装了自身节点和部分其它节点的状态数据；Pong 消息：当接收到 Ping、Meet 消息时，作为响应消息回复给发送方确认消息正常通信。Pong 消息内部封装了自身状态数据。节点也可以向集群内广播自身的 Pong 消息来通知整个集群对自身状态进行更新；Fail 消息：当节点判定集群内另一个节点下线时，会向集群内广播一个 Fail 消息，其他节点接收到 Fail 消息之后把对应节点更新为下线状态。4. Redis Cluster 节点通信：成本与效率的权衡由于集群内部需要频繁地进行节点信息交换，而 Ping/Pong 消息携带当前节点和部分其它节点的状态数据，势必会加重带宽和计算的负担。Redis 集群内节点通信采用固定频率（定时任务每秒执行10次），因此，节点每次选择需要通信的节点列表变得非常重要。通信节点选择过多虽然可以做到信息及时交换但成本过高。节点选择过少则会降低集群内所有节点彼此信息交换的频率，从而影响故障判定、新节点发现等需求的速度。因此 Redis 集群的 Gossip 协议需要兼顾信息交换实时性和成本开销。4.1 节点间是如何交换信息的？Redis 节点启动之后，会每间隔 100ms 执行一次集群的周期性函数 clusterCron()。在 Redis 源码 server.c 中可见： /* Run the Redis Cluster cron. */

run_with_period(100) {

if (server.cluster_enabled) clusterCron();

}

而 clusterCron() 中又会调用 clusterSendPing() 函数，该函数用于将随机选择的节点的信息加入到 Ping 消息体中，然后发送出去。部分源码如下：void clusterSendPing(clusterLink *link, int type) {

unsigned char *buf;

clusterMsg *hdr;

int gossipcount = 0; /* Number of gossip sections added so far. */

int wanted; /* Number of gossip sections we want to append if possible. */

int totlen; /* Total packet length. */

// freshnodes = 集群总节点数 - (2=当前节点+发送消息的目的节点)

// freshnodes 的值是ping消息体中可以携带节点信息的最大值

int freshnodes = dictSize(server.cluster->nodes)-2;

// wanted 的值是集群节点的十分之一向下取整，并且最小等于3

// wanted 表示ping消息体中期望携带的其它节点信息个数

wanted = floor(dictSize(server.cluster->nodes)/10);

if (wanted < 3) wanted = 3;

// 因此 wanted 最多等于 freshnodes。

if (wanted > freshnodes) wanted = freshnodes;

// 计算分配消息的最大空间

totlen = sizeof(clusterMsg)-sizeof(union clusterMsgData);

totlen += (sizeof(clusterMsgDataGossip)*wanted);

// 消息的总长最少为一个消息结构的大小

if (totlen < (int)sizeof(clusterMsg)) totlen = sizeof(clusterMsg);

// 分配空间

buf = zcalloc(totlen);

hdr = (clusterMsg*) buf;

// 设置发送PING命令的时间

if (link->node && type == CLUSTERMSG_TYPE_PING)

link->node->ping_sent = mstime();

// 构建消息的头部

clusterBuildMessageHdr(hdr,type);

int maxiterations = wanted*3;

// 循环体，构建消息内容

while(freshnodes > 0 && gossipcount < wanted && maxiterations--) {

// 随机选择一个集群节点

dictEntry *de = dictGetRandomKey(server.cluster->nodes);

clusterNode *this = dictGetVal(de);

clusterMsgDataGossip *gossip;

int j;

// 1. 跳过当前节点，不选myself节点，myself代表当前节点

if (this == myself) continue;

// 2. 偏爱选择处于下线状态或疑似下线状态的节点

if (maxiterations > wanted*2 &&

!(this->flags & (CLUSTER_NODE_PFAIL|CLUSTER_NODE_FAIL)))

continue;

// 以下节点不能作为被选中的节点：

1. 处于握手状态的节点

2. 带有NOADDR标识的节点

3. 因为不处理任何槽而断开连接的节点

if (this->flags & (CLUSTER_NODE_HANDSHAKE|CLUSTER_NODE_NOADDR) ||

(this->link == NULL && this->numslots == 0))

{

freshnodes--; /* Tecnically not correct, but saves CPU. */

continue;

}

//(中间部分代码省略.............)

// 发送消息

clusterSendMessage(link,buf,totlen);

zfree(buf);

}

根据上述代码，相信读者可以明确以下两点：当前节点向另一个节点发送 Ping 消息时，携带的其它节点的消息数量至少为3，最大等于集群节点总数-2；为 Ping 消息体中选择携带的其它节点的信息时，采用的是混合选择模式：随机选择+偏好性选择，这样不仅可以保证 Gossip 协议随机传播的原则，还可以尽量将当前节点掌握的其它节点的故障信息传播出去。4.2 如何保证消息传播的效率？前面已经提到，集群的周期性函数 clusterCron() 执行周期是 100ms，为了保证传播效率，每10个周期，也就是 1s，每个节点都会随机选择5个其它节点，并从中选择一个最久没有通信的节点发送 ing消息，源码如下：当然，这样还是没法保证效率，毕竟5个节点是随机选出来的，其中最久没有通信的节点不一定是全局“最久”。因此，对哪些长时间没有“被” 随机到的节点进行特殊照顾：每个周期（100ms）内扫描一次本地节点列表，如果发现节点最近一次接受 Pong 消息的时间大于 cluster_node_timeout/2，则立刻发送 Ping 消息，防止该节点信息太长时间未更新。源码如下：4.3 规模效应——无法忽略的成本问题关键参数 cluster_node_timeout从上面的分析可以看出，cluster_node_timeout 参数对消息发送的节点数量影响非常大。当带宽资源紧张时，可以适当调大这个参数，如从默认15秒改为30秒来降低带宽占用率。但是，过度调大 cluster_node_timeout 会影响消息交换的频率从而影响故障转移、槽信息更新、新节点发现的速度，因此需要根据业务容忍度和资源消耗进行平衡。同时整个集群消息总交换量也跟节点数成正比。消息体与集群规模每个 Ping 消息的数据量体现在消息头和消息体中，其中消息头空间占用相对固定。消息体会携带一定数量的其它节点信息用于信息交换，消息体携带数据量跟集群的节点数息息相关，更大的集群每次消息通信的成本也就更高，因此对于 Redis 集群来说并不是越大越好。5. Redis Cluster 故障转移上面已经介绍过单机模式的故障转移（主节点下线后，对应从节点升主并替代原主节点继续工作）过程，单机模式下故障转移需要 Sentinel 系统的辅助，与之不同，Redis 集群模式故障转移并不需要 Sentinel 系统辅助，而是通过集群内部主节点选举完成，是一个“自治”的系统。Redis Cluster 的故障转移可划分为三大步骤：故障检测、从节点选举以及故障倒换，以下详细介绍。5.1 故障检测故障检测需要经历单节点视角检测、检测信息传播、下线判决三个步骤，下文将详细介绍。单点视角检测集群中的每个节点都会定期通过集群内部通信总线向集群中的其它节点发送 Ping 消息，用于检测对方是否在线。如果接收 Ping 消息的节点没有在规定的时间内向发送 Ping 消息的节点返回 Pong 消息，那么，发送 Ping 消息的节点就会将接收 Ping 消息的节点标注为疑似下线状态（Probable Fail，Pfail）。检测信息传播集群中的各个节点会通过相互发送消息的方式来交换自己掌握的集群中各个节点的状态信息，如在线、疑似下线（Pfail）、下线（Fail）。例如，当一个主节点 A 通过消息得知主节点 B 认为主节点 C 疑似下线时，主节点 A 会更新自己保存的集群状态信息，将从 B 获得的下线报告保存起来。基于检测信息作下线判决如果在一个集群里，超过半数的持有 Slot（槽）的主节点都将某个主节点 X 报告为疑似下线，那么，主节点 X 将被标记为下线（Fail），并广播出去，所有收到这条 Fail 消息的节点都会立即将主节点 X 标记为 Fail。至此，故障检测完成。5.2 选举主节点被标记为 Fail 后，对应的从节点会发起投票，竞争升主。历经从节点拉票、主节点投票、投票裁决等环节，最终完成选举。以下是详细过程。从节点拉票基于故障检测信息的传播，集群中所有正常节点都将感知到某个主节点下线的信息，当然也包括这个下线主节点的所有从节点。当从节点发现自己复制的主节点状态为已下线时，从节点就会向集群广播一条请求消息，请求所有收到这条消息并且具有投票权的主节点给自己投票。拉票优先级严格的讲，从节点在发现其主节点下线时，并非立即发起故障转移流程而进行“拉票”的，而是要等待一段时间，在未来的某个时间点才发起选举。这个时间点有如下计算表达式：mstime() + 500ms + random()%500ms + rank*1000ms

其中，固定延时 500ms，是为了留出时间，使主节点下线的消息能传播到集群中其他节点，这样集群中的主节点才有可能投票；随机延时是为了避免两个从节点同时开始故障转移流程；rank 表示从节点的排名，排名是指当前从节点在下线主节点的所有从节点中的排名，排名主要是根据复制数据量来定，复制数据量越多，排名越靠前，因此，具有较多复制数据量的从节点可以更早发起故障转移流程，从而更可能成为新的主节点。主节点投票如果一个主节点具有投票权（负责处理 Slot 的主节点)，并且这个主节点尚未投票给其它从节点，那么这个主节点将向请求投票的从节点返回一条回应消息，表示支持该从节点升主。根据投票结果决策在一个具有 N 个主节点投票的集群中，理论上每个参与拉票的从节点都可以收到一定数量的主节点投票，但是，在同一轮选举中，只可能有一个从节点收到的票数大于 N/2 + 1，也只有这个从节点可以升级为主节点，并代替已下线的主节点继续工作。选举失败跟生活中的选举一样，选举可能失败——没有一个候选从节点获得超过半数的主节点投票。遇到这种情况，集群将会进入下一轮选举，直到选出新的主节点为止。选举算法选举新主节点的算法是基于 Raft 算法的 Leader Election 方法来实现的，本文就不展开了，在本课程后面介绍 ETCD 的章节中会详述 Raft 算法。5.3 故障转移选举完成后，获胜的从节点将发起故障转移（Failover），角色从 Slave 切换为 Master，并接管原来主节点的 Slots，详细过程如下。身份切换通过选举晋升的从节点会执行一系列的操作，清除曾经为从的信息，改头换面，成为新的主节点。接管职权新的主节点会通过轮询所有 Slot，撤销所有对已下线主节点的 Slot 指派，消除影响，并且将这些 Slot 全部指派给自己。广而告之升主了嘛，必须让圈子里面的都知道，新的主节点会向集群中广播一条 Pong 消息，将自己升主的信息通知到集群中所有节点。履行义务在其位谋其政，新的主节点开始处理自己所负责 Slot 对应的请求，至此，故障转移完成。6. Redis Cluster 扩容随着应用场景的升级，缓存可能需要扩容，扩容的方式有两种：垂直扩容（Scale Up）和水平扩容（Scale Out)。垂直扩容无需详述。实际应用场景中，采用水平扩容更多一些，根据是否增加主节点数量，水平扩容方式有两种。方式1：主节点数量不变。比如，当前有一台物理机 A，构建了一个包含3个 Redis 实例的集群；扩容时，我们新增一台物理机 B，拉起一个 Redis 实例并加入物理机 A 的集群；B 上 Redis 实例对 A 上的一个主节点进行复制，然后进行主备倒换；如此，Redis 集群还是3个主节点，只不过变成了 A2-B1 的结构，将一部分请求压力分担到了新增的节点上，同时物理容量上限也会增加，主要步骤如下：将新增节点加入集群；将新增节点设置为某个主节点的从节点，进而对其进行复制；进行主备倒换，将新增的节点调整为主。方式2：增加主节点数量。不增加主节点数量的方式扩容比较简单，但是，从负载均衡的角度来看，并不是很好的选择。例如，如果主节点数量较少，那么单个节点所负责的 Slot 的数量必然较多，很容易出现大量 Key 的读写集中于少数节点的现象，而增加主节点的数量，可以更有效的分摊访问压力，充分利用资源。主要步骤如下：将新增节点加入集群；将集群中的部分 Slot 迁移至新增的节点。7. 其它分布式 Redis 方案作为 Redis 官方出品，Redis Cluster 有很多优点，但是，当集群规模超过百节点级别后，Gossip 协议的效率将会显著下降，通信成本越来越高。此外，Redis Cluster 模式下，16384个 Slot 中只要有任意一个 Slot 不可用，整个集群都将不可用，换言之，任何一个被指派 Slot 的主节点故障，在其恢复期间，集群都是不可用的。鉴于此，Redis Cluster 并不适合超大规模商用场景，国内 IT 巨头基本上采用的都是自研的集群方案，如阿里云 ApsaraDB for Redis/ApsaraCache，腾讯的 CRS。当然，Redis Cluster 也有很成功的商用案例，像亚马逊采用的就是 Redis Cluster。注意，通常 Redis Cluster 的规模都控制在400个节点以内，以单节点支撑 8W QPS 计算，400个节点可支持 200*8=1600W QPS（每个主节点配置一个从节点），足以支撑绝大多数应用场景。此外，Redis Cluster 使用简单，无需深度定制便可实现商用，成本较低，因此，即便它不适合超大规模商用，仍然是一个非常优秀的集群方案。7.1 预备知识分片是 Redis 实现分布式架构的基础，主流的分片方式有：客户端分片和代理分片。欲理解 Redis 各个分布式方案，必先了解两种分片方式的原理。基于客户端的分片如下图所示，客户端与 Redis 节点直连，为了提高可用性，每个主节点挂一个从节点，故障倒换可由“哨兵”系统实现（其它方案也可实现）。客户端对任何一个主节点的读写操作本质上就是单机模式下的读写操作；对于一个 Key-Value，其读写节点完全由客户端决定。比如，采用 Hash 算法：hash(key)%N = 目标节点编号，其中 N 为 Redis 主节点的数量，哈希取余的方式会将不同的 Key 分发到不同的 Redis 主节点上。但是，Hash 算法有很多缺陷：不支持动态增加节点：当业务量增加，需要增加服务器节点后，上面的计算公式变为：hash(key)%(N+1)，那么，对于同一个 Key-Value，增加节点前后，对应的 Redis 节点可能是完全不同的，可能导致大量之前存储的数据失效；为了解决这个问题，需要将所有数据重新计算 Hash 值，再写入 Redis 服务器。不支持动态减少节点，原理同上。鉴于 Hash 算法的不足，在实际应用中一般采用“一致性哈希”算法，在增删节点的时候，可以保证尽可能多的缓存数据不失效。关于一致性哈希算法，网上文章很多，读者可自行研读。采用客户端分片具有逻辑简单，性能高的优点，但缺点也很明显，主要有业务逻辑与数据存储逻辑耦合，可运维性差；多业务各自使用 Redis，集群资源难以管理。基于代理的分片为了克服客户端分片业务逻辑与数据存储逻辑耦合的不足，可以通过 Proxy 将业务逻辑和存储逻辑隔离。客户端发送请求到一个代理，代理解析客户端的数据，将请求转发至正确的节点，然后将结果回复给客户端。这种架构还有一个优点就是可以把 Proxy 当成一个中间件，在这个中间件上可以做很多事情，比如可以把集群和主从的兼容性做到几乎一致，可以做无缝扩减容、安全策略等。基于代理的分片已经有很多成熟的方案，如开源的 Codis，阿里云的 ApsaraDB for Redis/ApsaraCache，腾讯的 CRS 等。很多大企业也在采用 Proxy+Redis-Server 的架构。基本原理如下图所示：我们来了解下代理分片的缺点。没有完美的架构，由于使用了 Proxy，带宽和 CPU 基本都要加倍，对资源的消耗会大很多。7.2 Codis 架构Codis 是一个分布式 Redis 解决方案，对于上层的应用来说，连接到 Codis Proxy 和连接原生的 Redis Server 没有明显的区别（参考6.1中的代理分片模式），客户端可以像使用单机 Redis 一样使用。架构图如下：Codis 简介从 Codis 的官方架构图可以看出，Codis 主要由四部分组成：Codis Proxy（codis-proxy）：是客户端连接的 Redis 代理服务，它本身实现了 Redis 协议，表现得和一个原生的 Redis 没什么区别（就像 Twemproxy）。对于一个业务来说，可以部署多个 Codis Proxy，Codis Proxy 本身是无状态的。Codis Manager（codis-config）：是 Codis 的管理工具，支持添加/删除 Redis 节点，添加/删除 Proxy 节点，发起数据迁移等操作。本身还自带了一个 HTTP Server，会启动一个 Dashboard，用户可以直接在浏览器上观察 Codis 集群的运行状态。Codis Redis（codis-server）：是 Codis 项目维护的一个 Redis 分支，基于 2.8.13 开发，加入了对 Slot 的支持和原子的数据迁移指令。 Codis 上层的 codis-proxy 和 codis-config 只有和这个版本的 Redis 交互才能正常运行。ZooKeeper：Codis 依赖 ZooKeeper 来存放数据路由表和 codis-proxy 节点的元信息，codis-config 发起的命令都会通过 ZooKeeper 同步到各个存活的 codis-proxy。Codis 特点Codis 出现在 Redis Cluster 之前，事实上，正是由于 Redis 官方推出 Redis Cluster 太晚，IT 巨头们又都是急性子，只好自力更生，搞大生产运动，才诞生了众多定制化或开源的分布式 Redis 方案。Codis 作为其中的代表，具有以下特点：自动平衡；使用非常简单；图形化的面板和管理工具；支持绝大多数 Redis 命令，完全兼容 Twemproxy；支持 Redis 原生客户端；安全而且透明的数据移植，可根据需要轻松添加和删除节点；提供命令行接口，支持 RESTful APIs。7.3 类 Codis 架构：Proxy + Redis-Server在上面曾提到，实现 Redis 分布式的基础是分片。目前，主流的分片方案有三种，即 Redis Cluster、客户端分片、代理分片。除了官方推出的 Redis Cluster，大多数 IT 公司采用的都是基于代理的分片模式，即：Proxy + Redis-Server，这与 Codis 的原理类似，因此也称为“类 Codis”架构，其架构图如下：该架构有以下特点：分片算法：基于代理的分片原理，将物理节点映射到 Slot（Codis Slot 数为1024，其它方案一般为16384），对 Key-Value 进行读写操作时，采用一致性 Hash 算法或其它算法（如 Redis Cluster采用的 CRC16），计算 Key 对应的 Slot 编号，根据 Slot 编号转发到对应的物理节点；分片实例之间相互独立，每组一个 Master 实例和多个 Slave，其本质就是“1主 N 从”的单机模式；路由信息存放依赖第三方存储组件，如 ZooKeeper 或 Etcd；High Availability：Redis 单机模式不支持自动故障倒换，为了保证高可用，需要类似“哨兵系统”的 HA组件来支持高可用。8. 总结一个有追求研发者，对开源软件绝不能停留在“知道怎么用”的层面，知其然更要知其所以然，如是，才能举一反三。基于此，本文以极为浓重的笔墨详细解读了 Redis Cluster 的原理，读完本文，相信读者可以真正理解了为什么 Redis Cluster 不适合超大规模商用场景，以及为什么 IT 巨头都更倾向于使用 Proxy+Redis-Server 架构方案。致谢与参考文献本文的一些图片和文字引用了一些博客和论文，尊重原创是每一个写作者应坚守的底线，在此，将本文引用过的文章一一列出，以表敬意：Gossip 算法大厂们的 Redis 集群方案Redis 4.0、Codis、阿里云 Redis 三种 Redis 集群对比分析不懂集群的节点通信原理，你就别想玩转 Redis！编辑于 2022-02-01 21:01RedisRedis持久化分布式一致性赞同 27添加评论分享喜欢收藏申请转载文章被以下专栏收录极客技术看极客技术，品人生百态 | 公号：小

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gossip 在英語-中文（繁體）詞典中的翻譯

gossipnoun uk

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/ˈɡɒs.ɪp/ us

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/ˈɡɑː.səp/

Add to word list

B2 [ S or U ] conversation or reports about other people's private lives that might be unkind, disapproving, or not true

（有關別人隱私的）流言蜚語，閒言閒語，閒聊

Her letter was full of gossip.

她信裡講的都是些閒言閒語。

I don't like all this idle gossip.

我討厭這些無聊的流言蜚語。

I've got some juicy gossip for you.

我有些特別有趣的小道傳聞告訴你。

Have you heard the (latest) gossip?

你聽到（最近流傳的）那些閒言閒語嗎？

UK Jane and Lyn sat in the kitchen having a good gossip about their friends.

簡和琳恩坐在廚房裡大聊特聊自己的那班朋友。

[ C ] disapproving (also gossipmonger) someone who enjoys talking about other people and their private lives

愛說三道四的人;喜歡散佈流言蜚語的人

She's a terrible gossip.

她是個很要命的長舌婦。

更多範例减少例句I've just been talking to the girls downstairs and I've got some delicious gossip.Some magazines contain nothing but scandal and gossip.She always keeps me up to date with the latest gossip.There's a lot of gossip about me going around. What have you been saying?Let's go for a coffee - I need to catch up on all the gossip.

gossipverb [ I ] uk

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/ˈɡɒs.ɪp/ us

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

/ˈɡɑː.səp/

B2 to talk about other people's private lives

（對別人的隱私）說三道四，傳播流言蜚語

Stop gossiping and do your work.

別再閒扯了，繼續工作去。

People have started to gossip about us.

人們已經開始說我們的閒話了。

更多範例减少例句She's been gossiping and hasn't done a stroke of work all morning.Janet spends hours gossiping on the phone.I wouldn't tell her your secrets - you know how she likes to gossip.It's not only the women around here who like to gossip, you know!The old folk sit gossiping in the village square for most of the morning.

(gossip在劍橋英語-中文（繁體）詞典的翻譯 © Cambridge University Press)

B2,B2

gossip的翻譯

中文（簡體）

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Gossip - Wikipedia

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1Etymology

2Functions

3Workplace gossip

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3.1Negative consequences of the gossip

4Various views

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4.1In early modern England

4.2In Judaism

4.3In Christianity

4.4In Islam

4.5In the Bahá’í Faith

5In psychology

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5.1Evolutionary view

5.2Perception of those who gossip

6See also

7References

8Further reading

9External links

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Gossip

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Idle talk or rumour, especially about personal or private affairs of others

This article is about the type of conversation. For other uses, see Gossip (disambiguation).

"Tattle" redirects here. Not to be confused with Tattletale (disambiguation), Tattler (disambiguation), or Tatle (disambiguation).

One winds on the distaff what the other spins (Both spread gossip) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Gossip is idle talk or rumor, especially about the personal or private affairs of others; the act is also known as dishing or tattling.[1]

Etymology[edit]

Look up gossip in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The word is from Old English godsibb, from god and sibb, the term for the godparents of one's child or the parents of one's godchild, generally very close friends. In the 16th century, the word assumed the meaning of a person, mostly a woman, one who delights in idle talk, a newsmonger, a tattler.[2] In the early 19th century, the term was extended from the talker to the conversation of such persons. The verb to gossip, meaning "to be a gossip", first appears in Shakespeare.

The term originates from the bedroom at the time of childbirth. Giving birth used to be a social event exclusively attended by women. The pregnant woman's female relatives and neighbours would congregate and idly converse. Over time, gossip came to mean talk of others.[3]

Functions[edit]

This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)This Soviet war poster conveys the message: "Don't chatter! Gossiping borders on treason" (1941).

Gossip can:[4][non-primary source needed]

reinforce – or punish the lack of – morality and accountability

reveal passive aggression, isolating and harming others

build and maintain a sense of community with shared interests, information, and values[5]

begin a courtship that helps one find their desired mate, by counseling others

provide a peer-to-peer mechanism for disseminating information

Workplace gossip[edit]

Mary Gormandy White, a human resource expert, gives the following "signs" for identifying workplace gossip:

Animated people become silent ("Conversations stop when you enter the room")

People begin staring at someone

Workers indulge in inappropriate topics of conversation.[6]

White suggests "five tips ... [to] handle the situation with aplomb:

Rise above the gossip

Understand what causes or fuels the gossip

Do not participate in workplace gossip.

Allow for the gossip to go away on its own

If it persists, "gather facts and seek help."[6]

Peter Vajda identifies gossip as a form of workplace violence, noting that it is "essentially a form of attack." Gossip is thought by many to "empower one person while disempowering another" (Hafen). Accordingly, many companies have formal policies in their employee handbooks against gossip.[7] Sometimes there is room for disagreement on exactly what constitutes unacceptable gossip, since workplace gossip may take the form of offhand remarks about someone's tendencies such as "He always takes a long lunch," or "Don't worry, that's just how she is."[8]

TLK Healthcare cites as examples of gossip, "tattletaling to the boss without intention of furthering a solution or speaking to co-workers about something someone else has done to upset us." Corporate email can be a particularly dangerous method of gossip delivery, as the medium is semi-permanent and messages are easily forwarded to unintended recipients; accordingly, a Mass High Tech article advised employers to instruct employees against using company email networks for gossip.[9] Low self-esteem and a desire to "fit in" are frequently cited as motivations for workplace gossip.

There are five essential functions that gossip has in the workplace (according to DiFonzo & Bordia):

Helps individuals learn social information about other individuals in the organization (often without even having to meet the other individual)

Builds social networks of individuals by bonding co-workers together and affiliating people with each other.

Breaks existing bonds by ostracizing individuals within an organization.

enhances one's social status/power/prestige within the organization.

Inform individuals as to what is considered socially acceptable behavior within the organization.

According to Kurkland and Pelled, workplace gossip can be very serious depending upon the amount of power that the gossiper has over the recipient, which will in turn affect how the gossip is interpreted. There are four types of power that are influenced by gossip:

Coercive: when a gossiper tells negative information about a person, their recipient might believe that the gossiper will also spread negative information about them. This causes the gossiper's coercive power to increase.

Reward: when a gossiper tells positive information about a person, their recipient might believe that the gossiper will also spread positive information about them. This causes the gossiper's reward power to increase.

Expert: when a gossiper seems to have very detailed knowledge of either the organization's values or about others in the work environment, their expert power becomes enhanced.

Referent: this power can either be reduced OR enhanced to a point. When people view gossiping as a petty activity done to waste time, a gossiper's referent power can decrease along with their reputation. When a recipient is thought of as being invited into a social circle by being a recipient, the gossiper's referent power can increase, but only to a high point where then the recipient begins to resent the gossiper (Kurland & Pelled).

Negative consequences of the gossip[edit]

Some serious negative consequences of gossip may include:[10]

Lost productivity and time wasting

Erosion of trust and morale between members of the working community

Increased anxiety among employees as rumors circulate without any clear information as to what is fact and what is not

Growing divisiveness among employees as people "take sides", risks of "infighting" that may further deteriorate unity

Hurt feelings and reputations

Jeopardized chances for the gossipers' advancement as they are perceived as unprofessional, and

Attrition: good employees tend leave the company due to the unhealthy work atmosphere and lack of trust

Turner and Weed theorize that among the three main types of responders to workplace conflict are attackers who cannot keep their feelings to themselves and express their feelings by attacking whatever they can. Attackers are further divided into up-front attackers and behind-the-back attackers. Turner and Weed note that the latter "are difficult to handle because the target person is not sure of the source of any criticism, nor even always sure that there is criticism."[11]

It is possible however, that there may be illegal, unethical, or disobedient behavior happening at the workplace and this may be a case where reporting the behavior may be viewed as gossip. It is then left up to the authority in charge to fully investigate the matter and not simply look past the report and assume it to be workplace gossip.

Informal networks through which communication occurs in an organization are sometimes called the grapevine. In a study done by Harcourt, Richerson, and Wattier, it was found that middle managers in several different organizations believed that gathering information from the grapevine was a much better way of learning information than through formal communication with their subordinates (Harcourt, Richerson & Wattier).

Various views[edit]

Some see gossip as trivial, hurtful and socially and/or intellectually unproductive. Some people view gossip as a lighthearted way of spreading information. A feminist definition of gossip presents it as "a way of talking between women, intimate in style, personal and domestic in scope and setting, a female cultural event which springs from and perpetuates the restrictions of the female role, but also gives the comfort of validation." (Jones, 1990:243)

In early modern England[edit]

In early modern England, the word "gossip" referred to companions in childbirth, not limited to the midwife. It also became a term for women-friends generally, with no necessary derogatory connotations. (OED n. definition 2. a. "A familiar acquaintance, friend, chum", supported by references from 1361 to 1873). It commonly referred to an informal local sorority or social group, who could enforce socially acceptable behaviour through private censure or through public rituals, such as "rough music", the cucking stool and the skimmington ride.

In Thomas Harman's Caveat for Common Cursitors 1566 a 'walking mort' relates how she was forced to agree to meet a man in his barn, but informed his wife. The wife arrived with her "five furious, sturdy, muffled gossips" who catch the errant husband with "his hosen [trousers] about his legs" and give him a sound beating. The story clearly functions as a morality tale in which the gossips uphold the social order.[12]

In Sir Herbert Maxwell Bart's The Chevalier of the Splendid Crest [1900] at the end of chapter three the king is noted as referring to his loyal knight "Sir Thomas de Roos" in kindly terms as "my old gossip". Whilst a historical novel of that time the reference implies a continued use of the term "Gossip" as a childhood friend as late as 1900.

In Judaism[edit]

Main article: Lashon hara

Judaism considers gossip spoken without a constructive purpose (known in Hebrew as "evil tongue", lashon hara) to be a sin. Speaking negatively about people, even if retelling true facts, counts as sinful, as it demeans the dignity of man — both the speaker and the subject of the gossip.

According to Proverbs 18:8: "The words of a gossip are like choice morsels: they go down to a man's innermost parts."

In Christianity[edit]

The Christian perspective on gossip is typically based on modern cultural assumptions of the phenomenon, especially the assumption that generally speaking, gossip is negative speech.[13][14][15] However, due to the complexity of the phenomenon, biblical scholars have more precisely identified the form and function of gossip, even identifying a socially positive role for the social process as it is described in the New Testament.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Of course, this does not mean that there are not numerous texts in the New Testament that see gossip as dangerous negative speech.

Thus, for example, the Epistle to the Romans associates gossips ("backbiters") with a list of sins including sexual immorality and with murder:

28: And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient;

29: Being filled with all unrighteousness, fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder, debate, deceit, malignity; whisperers,

30: Backbiters, haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents,

31: Without understanding, covenantbreakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful:

32: Who knowing the judgment of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them. (Romans 1:28-32)

According to Matthew 18, Jesus also taught that conflict resolution among church members ought to begin with the aggrieved party attempting to resolve their dispute with the offending party alone. Only if this did not work would the process escalate to the next step, in which another church member would become involved. After that if the person at fault still would not "hear", the matter was to be fully investigated by the church elders, and if not resolved to be then exposed publicly.

Based on texts like these portraying gossip negatively, many Christian authors generalize on the phenomenon. So, in order to gossip, writes Phil Fox Rose, we "must harden our heart towards the 'out' person. We draw a line between ourselves and them; define them as being outside the rules of Christian charity... We create a gap between ourselves and God's Love." As we harden our heart towards more people and groups, he continues, "this negativity and feeling of separateness will grow and permeate our world, and we'll find it more difficult to access God's love in any aspect of our lives."[24]

The New Testament is also in favor of group accountability (Ephesians 5:11; 1st Tim 5:20; James 5:16; Gal 6:1-2; 1 Cor 12:26), which may be associated with gossip.

In Islam[edit]

Islam considers backbiting the equivalent of eating the flesh of one's dead brother. According to Muslims, backbiting harms its victims without offering them any chance of defense, just as dead people cannot defend against their flesh being eaten. Muslims are expected to treat others like brothers (regardless of their beliefs, skin color, gender, or ethnic origin), deriving from Islam's concept of brotherhood amongst its believers.

In the Bahá’í Faith[edit]

The Bahá’í Faith aims to promote the unity of humankind and considers backbiting to be the "worst human quality and the most great sin..."[25] Therefore, even murder would be considered less reprobate than backbiting. Bahá’u’lláh, the Prophet-Founder of the Bahá’í Faith stated that, "Backbiting quencheth the light of the heart, and extinguisheth the life of the soul."[26] More than affecting one's physical condition, Bahá’ís understands that when someone gossips and finds faults in others it hampers the spiritual development of those involved while also creating disunity among individuals, communities, and society at large.

In psychology[edit]

Evolutionary view[edit]

The Friendly Gossips (1901) by Eugene de Blaas

From Robin Dunbar's evolutionary theories, gossip originated to help bond the groups that were constantly growing in size. To survive, individuals need alliances; but as these alliances grew larger, it was difficult if not impossible to physically connect with everyone. Conversation and language were able to bridge this gap. Gossip became a social interaction that helped the group gain information about other individuals without personally speaking to them.

It enabled people to keep up with what was going on in their social network. It also creates a bond between the teller and the hearer, as they share information of mutual interest and spend time together. It also helps the hearer learn about another individual's behavior and helps them have a more effective approach to their relationship. Dunbar (2004) found that 65% of conversations consist of social topics.[27]

Dunbar (1994) argues that gossip is the equivalent of social grooming often observed in other primate species.[28] Anthropological investigations indicate that gossip is a cross-cultural phenomenon, providing evidence for evolutionary accounts of gossip.[29][30][31]

There is very little evidence to suggest meaningful sex differences in the proportion of conversational time spent gossiping, and when there is a difference, women are only very slightly more likely to gossip compared with men.[28][31][32] Further support for the evolutionary significance of gossip comes from a recent study published in the peer-reviewed journal, Science Anderson and colleagues (2011) found that faces paired with negative social information dominate visual consciousness to a greater extent than positive and neutral social information during a binocular rivalry task.

Binocular rivalry occurs when two different stimuli are presented to each eye simultaneously and the two percepts compete for dominance in visual consciousness. While this occurs, an individual will consciously perceive one of the percepts while the other is suppressed. After a time, the other percept will become dominant and an individual will become aware of the second percept. Finally, the two percepts will alternate back and forth in terms of visual awareness.

The study by Anderson and colleagues (2011) indicates that higher order cognitive processes, like evaluative information processing, can influence early visual processing. That only negative social information differentially affected the dominance of the faces during the task alludes to the unique importance of knowing information about an individual that should be avoided.[33] Since the positive social information did not produce greater perceptual dominance of the matched face indicates that negative information about an individual may be more salient to our behavior than positive.[34]

Gossip also gives information about social norms and guidelines for behavior, usually commenting on how appropriate a behavior was, and the mere act of repeating it signifies its importance. In this sense, gossip is effective regardless of whether it is positive or negative[35] Some theorists have proposed that gossip is actually a pro-social behavior intended to allow an individual to correct their socially prohibitive behavior without direct confrontation of the individual. By gossiping about an individual's acts, other individuals can subtly indicate that said acts are inappropriate and allow the individual to correct their behavior (Schoeman 1994).

Perception of those who gossip[edit]

Individuals who are perceived to engage in gossiping regularly are seen as having less social power and being less liked than those who gossip less frequently.[36] The type of gossip being exchanged also affects likeability, whereby those who engage in negative gossip are less liked than those who engage in positive gossip.[37] In a study done by Turner and colleagues (2003), having a prior relationship with a gossiper was not found to protect the gossiper from less favorable personality-ratings after gossip was exchanged. In the study, pairs of individuals were brought into a research lab to participate. Either the two individuals were friends prior to the study or they were strangers scheduled to participate at the same time. One of the individuals was a confederate of the study, and they engaged in gossiping about the research assistant after she left the room. The gossip exchanged was either positive or negative. Regardless of gossip type (positive versus negative) or relationship type (friend versus stranger) the gossipers were rated as less trustworthy after sharing the gossip.[38]

Walter Block has suggested that while gossip and blackmail both involve the disclosure of unflattering information, the blackmailer is arguably ethically superior to the gossip.[39] Block writes: "In a sense, the gossip is much worse than the blackmailer, for the blackmailer has given the blackmailed a chance to silence him. The gossip exposes the secret without warning." The victim of a blackmailer is thus offered choices denied to the subject of gossip], such as deciding if the exposure of his or her secret is worth the cost the blackmailer demands. Moreover, in refusing a blackmailer's offer one is in no worse a position than with the gossip. Adds Block, "It is indeed difficult, then, to account for the vilification suffered by the blackmailer, at least compared to the gossip, who is usually dismissed with slight contempt and smugness."

Contemporary critiques of gossip may concentrate on or become subsumed in the discussion of social media such as Facebook.[40]

GOSSIP | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

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English (UK)

English

Meaning of gossip in English

gossipnoun uk

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/ˈɡɒs.ɪp/ us

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/ˈɡɑː.səp/

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B2 [ S or U ] conversation or reports about other people's private lives that might be unkind, disapproving, or not true: Her letter was full of gossip.idle gossip I don't like all this idle gossip.juicy gossip I've got some juicy gossip for you.the (latest) gossip Have you heard the (latest) gossip?have a gossip about UK Jane and Lyn sat in the kitchen having a good gossip about their friends.

[ C ] disapproving (also gossipmonger, uk/ˈɡɒs.ɪpˌmʌŋ.ɡər/ us/ˈɡɑː.səpˌmʌŋ.ɡɚ/) someone who enjoys talking about other people and their private lives: She's a terrible gossip.

More examplesFewer examplesI've just been talking to the girls downstairs and I've got some delicious gossip.Some magazines contain nothing but scandal and gossip.She always keeps me up to date with the latest gossip.There's a lot of gossip about me going around. What have you been saying?Let's go for a coffee - I need to catch up on all the gossip.

SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases

Gossip and rumour

a fishing expedition idiom

a little bird told me idiom

anecdotal

bird

bush telegraph

dirt

ear

exposure

hearsay

lip

little

on everyone's lips idiom

peddle

reportedly

say-so

scandal

scaremongering

snippety

swirl

your ears must be burning idiom

See more results »

You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics:

Speakers & talkers

Related word

gossipy

gossipverb [ I ] uk

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/ˈɡɒs.ɪp/ us

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/ˈɡɑː.səp/

B2 to talk about other people's private lives: Stop gossiping and do your work.gossip about People have started to gossip about us. Compare

natter verb UK informal

More examplesFewer examplesShe's been gossiping and hasn't done a stroke of work all morning.Janet spends hours gossiping on the phone.I wouldn't tell her your secrets - you know how she likes to gossip.It's not only the women around here who like to gossip, you know!The old folk sit gossiping in the village square for most of the morning.

SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases

Revealing secrets & becoming known

anti-secrecy

backchannel

bare

bare your heart/soul idiom

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blow/take the lid off something idiom

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hold

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rat on someone/something

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state's evidence

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(Definition of gossip from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)

gossip | American Dictionary

gossipnoun [ C/U ] us

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/ˈɡɑs·p/

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talk about other people’s private lives: [ U ] Have you heard the latest gossip (= what is being said about someone)?

A gossip is also someone who enjoys talking about other people’s private lives: [ C ] Charlie is a real gossip.

gossip verb [ I ] us

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

/ˈɡɑs·əp/

Don’t mind us – we’re just gossiping!

(Definition of gossip from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

What is the pronunciation of gossip?

What is the pronunciation of gossipmonger?

B2,B2

Translations of gossip

in Chinese (Traditional)

（有關別人隱私的）流言蜚語，閒言閒語，閒聊, 愛說三道四的人, 喜歡散佈流言蜚語的人…

in Chinese (Simplified)

（有关别人隐私的）流言蜚语，闲言碎语，闲聊, 爱说长道短的人, 喜欢散布流言蜚语的人…

in Spanish

cotilleo, cotillear, chismorrear…

in Portuguese

fofoca, fofocar, mexericar…

in more languages

in Marathi

in Japanese

in Turkish

in French

in Catalan

in Dutch

in Tamil

in Hindi

in Gujarati

in Danish

in Swedish

in Malay

in German

in Norwegian

in Urdu

in Ukrainian

in Russian

in Telugu

in Arabic

in Bengali

in Czech

in Indonesian

in Thai

in Vietnamese

in Polish

in Korean

in Italian

（人の）うわさ話, ゴシップ, 人のうわさ話をする…

dedikodu, söylenti, asılsız söz…

faire des commérages, commérages [masculine, plural]…

xafarderia, xafardejar, fer safareig…

roddel, achterklap, babbel…

sladder, snak, sladderkælling…

skvaller, pratstund, småpratande…

gosip, sembang, kaki umpat…

der Klatsch, die Plauderei, die Klatschbase…

sladre, sladder [masculine], sladder…

فالتو کی گپ شپ, افواہ, جھوٹی سچی باتیں…

плітки, чутки, балачки…

сплетня, сплетник, сплетница…

نَميمة, يَنِمّ…

পরচর্চা, গুজব, পরচর্চা করা…

klepy, popovídání, klepna…

gunjingan, obrolan, tukang bergunjing…

การนินทา, การพูดคุย, คนชอบนินทา…

chuyện tầm phào, tán gẫu, người thích chuyện tầm phào…

plotki, plotka-rz/rka, plotkować…

수다, 수다떨다…

pettegolezzo, spettegolare, fare pettegolezzi…

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goshawk

gosling

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gossip column

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gossip column

the fount of all knowledge, gossip, wisdom, etc. phrase

the fount of all knowledge, gossip, wisdom, etc.

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the fount of all knowledge, gossip, wisdom, etc. phrase

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/rɪˈspɒns/

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an answer or reaction

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Gossip（英语单词）_百度百科

ip（英语单词）_百度百科网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心Gossip是一个多义词，请在下列义项上选择浏览（共3个义项）展开添加义项Gossip播报讨论上传视频英语单词收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10Gossip，英语单词，主要用作动词和名词，主要意思为“流言蜚语，小道消息；说三道四”等。 [1]外文名Gossip英式音标'ɡɔsip美式音标'ɡɑːsɪp词性名词、动词近义词tattle释义流言蜚语目录1单词释义2短语搭配3双语例句单词释义播报编辑英 [ˈɡɒsɪp] 美 [ˈɡɑːsɪp] n. 流言蜚语，小道消息；爱说三道四的人；闲聊v. 闲聊，说三道四vi. 散播(流言蜚语) [2][ 复数 gossips 第三人称单数 gossips 现在分词 gossiping 过去式 gossiped 过去分词 gossiped ] [1]短语搭配播报编辑gossip girl 绯闻少女（美国一青春偶像剧）Hot Gossip Remix 鬼马双星BEAUTY GOSSIP 美容话题Gossip Street 多咀街 ; 多嘴街a dish of gossip 闲谈 ; 翻译 ; 详细翻译gossip column 闲话栏 ; 漫谈随笔 ; 闲话专栏 ; 八卦专栏 [1]双语例句播报编辑1、He loved gossip and scandal. 他喜欢闲话和流言蜚语。2、She despised gossip in any form. 她对任何形式的流言飞语都嗤之以鼻。3、He spent the first hour talking gossip. 他头一个小时尽在说人闲话。 [1]新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号京公网安备110000020000

Gossip Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

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Est. 1828

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GOSSIP中文(簡體)翻譯：劍橋詞典

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英語-中文（簡體）

gossip 在英語-中文（簡體）詞典中的翻譯

gossipnoun uk

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/ˈɡɒs.ɪp/ us

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/ˈɡɑː.səp/

Add to word list

B2 [ S or U ] conversation or reports about other people's private lives that might be unkind, disapproving, or not true

（有关别人隐私的）流言蜚语，闲言碎语，闲聊

Her letter was full of gossip.

她信里讲的都是些闲言碎语。

I don't like all this idle gossip.

我讨厌这些无聊的流言蜚语。

I've got some juicy gossip for you.

我有些特别有趣的小道消息告诉你。

Have you heard the (latest) gossip?

你听到（最近流传的）那些闲言碎语了吗？

UK Jane and Lyn sat in the kitchen having a good gossip about their friends.

简和琳恩坐在厨房里大聊特聊自己的那帮朋友。

[ C ] disapproving (also gossipmonger) someone who enjoys talking about other people and their private lives

爱说长道短的人;喜欢散布流言蜚语的人

She's a terrible gossip.

她是个很要命的长舌妇。

gossipverb [ I ] uk

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/ˈɡɒs.ɪp/ us

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

/ˈɡɑː.səp/

B2 to talk about other people's private lives

（对别人的隐私）说长道短，传播流言蜚语

Stop gossiping and do your work.

别再闲扯了，继续干点活去。

People have started to gossip about us.

人们已经开始说我们的闲话了。

B2,B2

gossip的翻譯

中文（繁體）

（有關別人隱私的）流言蜚語，閒言閒語，閒聊, 愛說三道四的人, 喜歡散佈流言蜚語的人…

查看更多內容

西班牙語

cotilleo, cotillear, chismorrear…

查看更多內容

葡萄牙語

fofoca, fofocar, mexericar…

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查看更多內容

（人の）うわさ話, ゴシップ, 人のうわさ話をする…

查看更多內容

dedikodu, söylenti, asılsız söz…

查看更多內容

faire des commérages, commérages [masculine, plural]…

查看更多內容

xafarderia, xafardejar, fer safareig…

查看更多內容

roddel, achterklap, babbel…

查看更多內容

sladder, snak, sladderkælling…

查看更多內容

skvaller, pratstund, småpratande…

查看更多內容

gosip, sembang, kaki umpat…

查看更多內容

der Klatsch, die Plauderei, die Klatschbase…

查看更多內容

sladre, sladder [masculine], sladder…

查看更多內容

فالتو کی گپ شپ, افواہ, جھوٹی سچی باتیں…

查看更多內容

плітки, чутки, балачки…

查看更多內容

сплетня, сплетник, сплетница…

查看更多內容

نَميمة, يَنِمّ…

查看更多內容

পরচর্চা, গুজব, পরচর্চা করা…

查看更多內容

klepy, popovídání, klepna…

查看更多內容

gunjingan, obrolan, tukang bergunjing…

查看更多內容

การนินทา, การพูดคุย, คนชอบนินทา…

查看更多內容

chuyện tầm phào, tán gẫu, người thích chuyện tầm phào…

查看更多內容

plotki, plotka-rz/rka, plotkować…

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수다, 수다떨다…

查看更多內容

pettegolezzo, spettegolare, fare pettegolezzi…

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在英語詞典中查看 gossip 的釋義

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goshawk

gosling

gospel

gossamer

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gossip column

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got

got it in one! idiom

gossip更多的中文(簡體)翻譯

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gossip column

the fount of all knowledge, gossip, wisdom, etc.

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response

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